Pancreatic beta cells produce insulin, the hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. The loss or impaired function of these cells leads to diabetes, a disease in which the body cannot produce sufficient amounts of insulin. Current treatments, particularly for type 1 diabetes, include insulin injections or pancreas transplants, but these therapies have their limitations. Another possible future diabetes therapy would be the use of pancreatic islet cells, including insulin-producing beta cells derived from hPS cells. The use of hPS cells for diabetes cell therapies would be able to overcome the limitations of current treatments. However, the process of differentiation of hPS cells into beta cells is currently not well enough understood. Furthermore, it will be necessary to improve the current differentiation methods for the production of mature, insulin-producing cells.